Fig 1: A proposed molecular mechanism underlying increased neural excitabilities and susceptibility to ischemic injury caused by IL-4 deficiency. IL-4 binding to IL-4R actives IL-4 pathway. IL-4 deficiency alters gene transcriptions by downregulating the Kcnn4 gene encoding KCa3.1 protein and Gabra6 gene encoding GABAA receptor chloride channel and upregulating the Scna1 gene encoding Nav1.1 protein through IL-4 signaling pathways. Downregulation of KCa3.1 channels and tonic GABAA receptors can reduce potassium outflow and chloride inflow in neurons, leading to enhanced neuronal firings through membrane depolarization. The upregulation of Nav1.1 channels can increase sodium inflow in neurons. All these alterations can enhance neuronal hyperexcitability and glutamate release from excitatory axon terminals, ultimately increasing susceptibility to ischemic injury. Conversely, enhancement of IL-4 signaling through supplemental IL-4 can increase KCa3.1 and α6 subunit of GABAA receptors in cortical neurons and reverse neuronal hyperexcitability, thus exerting neuroprotection against ischemic injury.